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Film as an art form grew out of a long tradition of literature, storytelling, narrative drama, art, mythology, puppetry and shadow play. In addition, the technology of film emerged from developments and achievements much further back in human history. ==Early history== With possible prehistoric origin due to its occurring naturally, the camera obscura was used and described by Anthemius of Tralles,〔 and near the year 1600, it was referred to by Johannes Kepler and perfected by Giambattista della Porta. Light is inverted through a small hole or lens from outside, and projected onto a surface or screen, creating a projected moving image, indistinguishable from a projected high quality film to an audience, but it is not preserved in a recording. Tarkovsky, in Andrei Rublev, pays homage to this film precursor by including a camera obscura via a hole in the door of a medieval room. Plays and dances had elements common to films, including scripts, sets, lighting, costumes, production, direction, actors, audiences, storyboards, and scores. They preceded film by thousands of years. Much terminology later used in film theory and criticism applied, such as mise en scene. Visual moving images and sound were not recorded for replaying as in film. Shadow dancing, using projected light in combination with acting or dancing, is an ancient art in many world cultures, and includes projection from a light source. Puppetry, another ancient art form, shares elements with animation and claymation. An earthen bowl found in Shahr-i Sokhta, Iran, and dating back to 3200 BC had five images of a goat painted along the sides. This is believed to be an example of early animation.〔(CHTHO produces documentary on world’s oldest animation ). ''Tehran Times''. 04-03-2008.〕〔(First Animation of the World Found In Burnt City, Iran ), Persian Journal, 2004〕〔(Oldest Animation Discovered In Iran ). ''Animation Magazine''. 12-03-2008.〕 In 500BC Mo-Ti, a Chinese philosopher, pondered the phenomenology of inverted light from the outside world beaming through a small hole in the opposite wall in a darkened room. A century later, Aristotle wrote of watching an image of an eclipse beamed onto the ground through a sieve. The earliest experiments with the camera obscura were made in the 6th century by Anthemius of Tralles, a Byzantine mathematician and architect (most famous for his work in the Hagia Sophia). He carried out experiments in optics, and used a type of camera obscura.〔Alistair Cameron Crombie, ''Science, optics, and music in medieval and early modern thought'',p.205〕 The pinhole camera, followed by the more advanced camera obscura, was described in detail by Alhazen in his ''Book of Optics'' (1021),〔David H. Kelley, (Exploring Ancient Skies: An Encyclopedic Survey of Archaeoastronomy ): 〕〔Bradley Steffens (2006), ''Ibn al-Haytham: First Scientist'', (Chapter Five ), Morgan Reynolds Publishing, ISBN 1-59935-024-6〕 and later perfected by Giambattista della Porta. Light is inverted through a small hole or lens from outside, and projected onto a surface or screen. Using a camera obscura, it was possible to project a moving image, but there was no means of recording the image for later viewing. Leonardo da Vinci also described a structure that could produce the camera obscura effect and Reinerus Gemma-Frisius, a Dutch scientist, illustrated a large room built for the purpose of viewing eclipses in 1544. Johannes Kepler coined the term ''camera obscura'' in 1610, the same year that Della Porta perfected the camera obscura by using a convex lens. Athanasius Kircher projected an image painted on glass plates with an oil lamp and a lens, his 'Magic Lantern' in 1671. Over a hundred years later, Étienne-Gaspard Robert began his revolutionary phantasmagoria show and developed the "Fantoscope", a magic lantern on wheels. In 1740 and 1748, David Hume published ''Treatise of Human Nature'' and ''An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding'', arguing for the associations and causes of ideas with visual images, forerunners to the language of film. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「precursors of film」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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